Public Toilet Free Essays

G answer B F A 1) J I C E D 2) Cycle Time (CT) = Productive time per hour Output per day = 7 hrs. /day X 60 min/hr X 60 sec/min 1008 units/day = 25,200 sec 1008 units = 25 sec/unit 6 5 4 3 2 1 3) Workstation = J I G H F E C D B A Task Time 24 25 25 25 25 24 Idle Time = 1 0 0 0 0 1 ( Total = 2 sec ) 4) WS = Sum of task times Cycle time (CT) = 148 sec 25 sec/units = 5. 2 ? 6 units of WS 5) Efficiency = Sum of task times X 100% CT * Actual # of (WS) = 148 sec * 100 % ( 25 sec/units * 4 units of WS) = 98. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Toilet or any similar topic only for you Order Now 67 % ) Idle time per units = (CT * actual # of WS) – sum of task times = (25 sec/unit X 6 units of WS) – 148 seconds = 2 sec/units Idle time in seconds per day = idle time per units X output per day (in unit) = 2 sec/unit X 1008units/day = 2016 sec/day Idle time in hour per day = Idle time in seconds per day 60 min/hr X 60 sec/min = 2016 sec/day 60 min/hr X 60 sec/min = 0. 56 hr/day Thus, The cost of idleness per week = Idle time in hour per day X wage rate per hour X # working day per week = 0. 56 hr/day X RM 40 per day = RM 22. 40 per week QUESTION 4 Claytan Fine China, a well-known dinner ware producer has upgraded its moulding procedure by using the most sophisticated equipment. The mouding process consists of 10 elements. The following table shows the task element in alphabetical order and their precedence element task(s) and times in seconds. Task Element| Precedence Task| Task Time (seconds)| A| -| 24| B| A| 25| C| A| 13| D| -| 10| E| C, D| 12| F| B, E| 11| G| B| 15| H| -| 14| I| F,G. H| 10| J| I| 24| 1. Draw a precedence diagram 2. If the expected weekly output is 5040 dinner sets and daily productive time is 7 hours (in a 5 day work-week), compute the cycle for the process. 3. Compute the theoretical number of workstations. 4. Arrange the task element into proper workstations by using the longest task-time heuristic/rule. 5. Calculate the efficiency of the balanced line and balance delay. 6. If the wage rate is RM 40 per day, calculate the idleness cost per week. QUESTION 8 Hakim Bidaman Enterprise is in the process of developing an aggregate capacity plan for the month of Jan-Sept 2010. The company has gathered the data as shown in the following table: MONTH| Jan| Feb| Mar| Apr| May| Jun| Jul | Aug| Sept| Forecast Demand (unit)| 5000| 4900| 4500| 4200| 6300| 5000| 5100| 4800| 4700| Other information to be considered: 1. Each output requires 26 minute to be produced. 2. Labour cost per hour is RM 5. 00 3. Overtime rate per hour is RM 7. 50 4. Overtime given to 4 workers only with a limitation of 2 hours per day. 5. Beginning inventory is 400 units. . The inventory carrying cost is RM 2. 40 per unit. 7. Hiring cost per worker is RM 400 and lay off cost per worker is RM 600 8. Subcontracting cost is RM 20 per unit. 9. Current workforce level is 10 workers. 10. The company operates 8 hours daily in 26 days a month. Determine the production cost for the planning horizon by using all five strategies. Apply information given as necessary for a cert ain strategy. ANWER STRATEGY 1 Monthly forecast output = number of day per monthly X daily standard output = 26 days (60 minutes/hr ? 6 minutes/unit X 8 hours/day) = 480 units per worker per month MONTH| FORECASTDEMAND (UNIT)=UNIT PRODUCED| CURRENT WORKER| WORKERS REQUIRED| HIRE| LAY OFF| Jan| 5000 – 400 = 4600| 10| 4600/480 = 10| | | Feb| 4900| 10| 4900/480 = 10| | | Mar| 4500| 10| 4500/480 = 9| | 1| Apr| 4200| 9| 4200/480 = 9| | | May| 6300| 9| 6300/480 = 13| 4| | Jun| 5000| 13| 5000/480 = 10| | 3| Jul| 5100| 10| 5100/480 = 11| 1| | Aug| 4800| 11| 4800/480 = 10| | 1| Sept| 4700| 10| 4700/480 = 10| | | | 44100| | | 5| 5| TOTAL PRODUCTION COST Regular production cost = (44100 units) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 0 minute/hr) = RM 95,550 Hire worker = (5 worker) X (RM400) = RM 2,000 Lay off worker = (5 worker) X (RM600) = RM 3,000 Thus, total cost = RM 100,500 STRATEGY 2 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (working days per pe daily) X (standard output per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 minutes/hr ? 26 minutes/unit X 8hr) = 4800 units MONTH| FORECAST DEMAND (UNIT)| UNIT PRODUCED| UNITEXCESS| UNIT SHORTAGE| OTUNITS| ENDINV| Jan| 5000 – 400 = 4600| 4800| 200| | | 200| Feb| 4900| 4800| | 100| 100| | Mar| 4500| 4800| 300| | | 300| Apr| 4200| 4800| 600| | | 600| May| 6300| 4800| | 1500| 1500| | Jun| 5000| 4800| | 200| 200| | Jul| 5100| 4800| | 300| | 300| Aug| 4800| 4800| | -| -| -| Sept| 4700| 4800| 100| | | 100| | | 43200| | | 1800| 1500| TOTAL PRODUCTION COST Regular Production Cost = (43200 units) X (26 days ? 8 hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 60,840 Overtime Cost (1800 unit) X (RM7. 50/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 5,850 Inv. Holding Cost = (1500 unit) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 3,600 Thus, total cost = RM 70,290 STRATEGY 3 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (working days per pe daily) X (standard output per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 minutes/hr ? 26 minutes/unit X 8hr) = 4800 units MONTH| FORECAST DEMAND (UNIT)| UNIT PRODUCED| UNITEXCESS| UNIT SHORTAGE| OTUNITS| ENDINV| Jan| 5000 – 400 = 4600| 4800| 200| | | 200| Feb| 4900| 4800| | 100| | 100| Mar| 4500| 4800| 300| | | 300| Apr| 4200| 4800| 600| | | 600| May| 6300| 4800| | 1500| 900| | Jun| 5000| 4800| | 200| 200| | Jul| 5100| 4800| | 300| 300| | Aug| 4800| 4800| -| -| -| -| Sept| 4700| 4800| 100| | | 100| | | 43200| | | 1400| 1300| TOTAL PRODUCTION COST Regular Production Cost = (43200) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 0 minute/hr) = RM 93,600 Overtime Cost = (1400 units) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 3,033 Inv. Holding Cost = (1300 units) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 3,120 Thus, total cost = RM 99, 753 STRATEGY 4 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (working days per pe daily) X (standard output per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 minutes/hr ? 26 minutes/unit X 8hr) = 4800 units MONTH| FORECAST DEMAND (UNIT)| UNIT PRODUCED| UNITEXCESS| UNIT SHORTAGE| OTUNITS| ENDINV| Jan| 5000 – 400 = 4600| 4800| 200| | | 200| Feb| 4900| 4800| | 100| | 100| Mar| 4500| 4800| 300| | | 400| Apr| 4200| 4800| 600| | | 1000| May| 6300| 4800| | 1500| 1500| | Jun| 5000| 4800| | 200| 200| | Jul| 5100| 4800| | 300| 300| | Aug| 4800| 4800| -| -| -| -| Sept| 4700| 4800| 100| | | 100| | | 43200| | | 1000| 1800| TOTAL PRODUCTION COST Regular production cost = (43200) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 0 minute/hr) = RM 93,600 Overtime Cost = (1000 units) X (RM7. 50/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 3,250 Inv. Holding Cost = (1800 units) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 4,320 Thus, total cost = RM 101,170 STRATEGY 5 Units Produced = (number of day per monthly) X (working days per pe daily) X (standard output per day) = (10 worker) X (26 day) X (60 minutes/hr ? 26 minutes/unit X 8hr) = 4800 units MONTH| FORECAST DEMAND (UNIT)| UNIT PRODUCED| UNITEXCESS| UNIT SHORTAGE| OT UNITS(max=480Unit)| ENDINV| SUBUNIT| Jan| 5000 – 400 = 4600| 4800| 200| | | 200| | Feb| 4900| 4800| | 100| | 100| | Mar| 4500| 4800| 300| | | 400| | Apr| 4200| 4800| 600| | | 1000| | May| 6300| 4800| | 1500| 480| | 20| Jun| 5000| 4800| | 200| 200| | | Jul| 5100| 4800| | 300| 300| | | Aug| 4800| 4800| -| -| -| -| | Sept| 4700| 4800| 100| | | 100| | | | 43200| | | 980| 1800| 20| Overtime unit max = 4 X 2 X 26 per month ? 6 month/unit X 60 minute/unit = 480 units TOTAL PRODUCTION COST Regular Production Cost = (43200) X (RM5/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 93,600 Overtime Cost = (980 units) X (RM7. 50/hr) X (26 minute/unit ? 60 minute/hr) = RM 3,185 Inv. Holding Cost = (1800 units) X (RM2. 40 per unit) = RM 4,320 Subcontracting Cost = (20 units) X (RM20 per unit) = RM 400 Thus, total cost = RM 101,505 How to cite Public Toilet, Essay examples

Popcorn and Brand free essay sample

Research Paper In this scientific experiment and in my research through five different brands being tested that Act II of stovetop popcorn kernels is the best brand based on its popped volume and taste. I chose this experiment because even though it is not the healthiest of snacks out there it is one of my favorites and I eat it almost everyday so I might as well get to know it a little better and do an experiment with it. I am very interested in which brands have a better quality of kernels and the many different tastes that come with them too. Cooking popcorn in the microwave isn’t as much fun as it is on the stove too, I enjoy when it pops out of the pot and I always try to time it right to see when they start popping and it is also helpful to know which brands pop faster and how and why they do based on their color, or size, or the temperature they are ready to pop at. There are some questions I have asked myself in order to put together this whole experiment and my hypothesis. How does the color of some popcorns affect how long it takes them to cook or be popped and why the different colors affect them? Which brand could possibly be cooked the fastest and taste the best based on the same exact ingredients added to every different brand and cooked the same way? Which brand perhaps could be the healthiest one to eat rather then the worst one for you with the same ingredients added? Which brand gets the most kernels popped out of the batch cooked at the same exact time and temperature used in all experiments? Which brand of popcorn based of all variables of the brands comes out the best cooked due to the same procedures in each? The brand that I think is the best brand based on its taste and volume is Act II brand without the comparison to the other brands based on the same experiment done to each. Each test subject will be done with the same amount of time and ingredients added to each procedure. The five brands of popcorn I will be using in this experiment are Pop secret(butter), Act II, Orville, Newman’s Own, and Jiffy Pop. The ingredients that will be used in this experiment are 3 tablespoons of canola oil, 1/3 cup of kernels, 1 3-quart pot with a lid, 2 tablespoons of butter that’s melted, and 2 teaspoons of salt. All of these will be added to each one of the popcorns specifically according to how the directions I followed and are all done the exact way. The ways all of these popcorns are cooked are followed by this specific order of directions I used for them all. First you preheat the 3 tablespoons of oil in the pot on a medium temperature and add 3 kernels in and then cover the pan. When the three pop add the rest of the 1/3 popcorn, also add the 2 teaspoons of salt into the pot and cover it and remove it from the heat and count to 30. This method heats the oil to the right temperature then when you count to 30 it brings the kernels to a near popping temperature but they cannot fully pop yet because they need more heat. After the 30 seconds put the pot back on the heat and keep the lid a little ajar to keep the steam out and they should all be popping at about the same time, while popping add the 2 tablespoons of butter and shake gently to get it to mix around. Once popping slows to about 6 seconds between pops take off lid and dump the popcorn into a bowl and then count the kernels, taste the popcorn, and test the volume. To do this scientific experiment I had a total of 10 tasters who do not eat kernels and 5 popcorn products used. Each of the tasters tasted each type of popcorn that was cooked equally, with equal additives. The very first popcorn I started with and made was the Pop secret (butter) popcorn. 3 out of 10 people preferred this popcorn because of the way it tastes and how it came out. One of my tasters said â€Å"it has a great popcorn flavor taste and was crunchy, but soft at the same time and it came out wider after popped than the other brands of popcorn. † The two others preferred this brand because of the buttery taste which it was already butter flavored but when we cooked this we also added butter giving it an enhanced butter taste which of course makes it taste way better. Out of the 1/3 of the cup of kernels added to be popped only 3 kernels were counted not popped in the bowl, and the rest were all popped corn. This brand when popped also has a yellowish color to its popcorn. Most of the kernels popped in this brand and that’s a good outcome if you are trying to make popcorn, you’ll get more out of what you put in and people usually do not like the kernels and wind up throwing them out anyway. The second brand of popcorn I used in this experiment was the brand Act II popcorn. 3 out of 10 people preferred this brand because of a lot of different reasons. My testers said, †this popcorn has great taste when cooked and it tastes perfect with the additive amount of butter we used because it’s not to much or to little considering it already has a hint of butter flavor. â€Å"We also love the color it came out as, how thick it came out popped as with a greater volume of size. † This brand when pops comes out thicker and bigger popped corn, and is crunchy but soft at the same time. It has a hint of yellowish look to it that gives it that buttery look therefore it will definitely taste good and looks good. After pouring this batch of popcorn into the bowl we counted only 4 kernels that were not popped, which means most of these kernels popped and hardly any of it will not go to waste do to my testers who don’t eat kernels. The third brand of popcorn used in my experiment was Orville popcorn. Only 2 out of 10 people preferred this brand of popcorn. My two testers gave about the same explination as to why they liked this brand better and they said tester said â€Å"it is a slightly sweet tasting popcorn and they like the texture of it because it is more thinner then the other 4 brands. † It is a more natural popcorn flavor and kernel so when popped these popcorn comes out a white color rather then a yellowish but it has more of a duller flavor besides the tiny bit of sweet in it. After we had cooked this brand of popcorn and poured it in the bowl we found that 11 kernels did not pop out of the 1/3-cup of kernels added. The other tasters did not enjoy this popcorn as much as the other two yellowish looking popcorns because of the taste and how many kernels were left over after cooked. The fourth brand used in my experiment was Newman’s Own popcorn. Only 1 out of 10 of my testers preferred this brand for a couple of specific reasons. My tester said, â€Å" I prefer my popcorn a more whiter less buttery popcorn, not to crunchy but more soft and thinner. † This popcorn came out a lot more white colored than the rest of the 4 other brands and it did not absorb much of the butter added when it was being made. After it was cooked and poured into the bowl there was 15 kernels counted that weren’t popped out of the 1/3 cup of kernels added. Many were left not popped and this brand of popcorn definitely didn’t have a sweet taste or buttery taste at all to it, mostly bland flavored. The fifth and final brand of popcorn used in my experiment was Jiffypop popcorn. Out of the 10 people that tested this only 1 enjoyed it rather then the other 4 brands. My tester said â€Å" it had a sweet taste, it was more thin and at the same time soft with crunch and it is better with more ingredients added to it rather then just plain. † This popcorn after being popped came out to be a more white looking color and absorbed most of the butter added during the cooking process which gave it better taste. Out of the 1/3 cup of kernels added only 7 kernels were not popped in this batch, which was less than the other two white popcorns but still higher then the ones that came out to be a yellow color. This brand only had one vote from my testers only because of the additives used during the cooking process I think, because if it wasn’t for that I think it would have been just dull and bland with not a good taste at all, so normal this would have been the least popular popcorn made. For this experiment on my 5 different brands of popcorn I used the same exact ingredients and cooked the popcorn the same time, as the 10 testers that tested each of popcorn and were the same people. I thought that before doing this experiment that there would be a much more different outcome then there was but the outcome is still related to my hypothesis greatly. One of the major outcomes of this experiment was I thought that Act II popcorn brand was the best and it turns out that the brand Popsecret had a tie with my favorite brand which I thought would be preferred without a doubt. I thought that the more yellowish looking popcorns would take the most preferred title and they did because they look more buttery and taste better due to that of how they actually taste when a yellowish flavor and by the way they look you just know a piece of yellow popcorn is going to taste better than a white one according to how your brain works and your body. I thought that the three whitish looking popcorns that were actually the 3 most least preferred were not going to be liked as much and they weren’t. The other 3 brands that were white such as Orville, Newman’s Own, and Jiffy Pop, didn’t have as much flavor than the other two and had the most kernels left over after placed in a bowl. These three came out with less pop and were more thinner and softer then the two favorite. A good side about these three white colored popcorns though is they had a little more of a sweet tasting flavor rather then buttery, which would be loved by people who enjoyed a sweeter taste. My hypothesis is confirmed because out of the 5 brands Act II had 3 out of 10 votes, it was in a tie with Popsecret popcorn with the most preferred but Act II popcorn also had the most compliments due to its taste, size, color, and its volume. It had a low kernel count leftover after it was done cooking and was overall the best popcorn. I confirmed my hypothesis and it is a true outcome because of the experimentation information that was recorded and told to me. My hypothesis was accurate because I believed that Act II brand popcorn was the best because its my favorite and I always eat it and after being tested by other people and preferred by them too based of its size, flavor, volume, and color I can say that I was accurate to my hypothesis through experimentation rather then just what I think is good. In my research it was very beneficial in a lot of different ways for my testers and me. I got to taste other brands of popcorn and so did my testers that we did not have before. It was a lot of fun for me and everyone I did this experiment with. My favorite brand of popcorn was most preferred from other people too. My research helped me have a better understanding in 5 different brands of popcorn and the quality of the brands. I usually eat popcorn that has to be microwaved and that is way worse for you do to the radiation and unnatural cooking but I got to use the stove and learn how to cook popcorn on it good. My experiment wasn’t unbeneficial in anyway I thought everything about it I learned a lot from and so did others. With this experiment I conducted I was definitely able to find sufficient research on it. The research that I made a list of and how I recorded everything that happened during each experiment widened my focus with the topic. Everything that I had recorded helped me understand each brand better from either cooking it or taking information down by asking my testers what they think about that certain type of popcorn. All of the qualities of each popcorn brand were recorded and each was specifically described, such as their own volume, size, taste, texture and their color. I think all of this information broadens my regard for this topic because it gives me and other people a better understanding of each of these 5 brands of these popcorns qualities. My research also helps because it shows how many kernels were popped in the different brands and gives us a good idea of how many people would like the certain brands, the more popular brands, and most purchased. The available research that I had taken down and recorded was not insuffient and was very helpful to me quality wise and quantity. I got all I needed to know out of this experiment from the 5 brands of popcorn I used and the 10 testers that helped me do this experiment. It was a successful experiment and the method I used was a success also, and It helped me come to a good and correct conclusion with my hypothesis. During this experiment I relied on fewer than three primary resources, which was my brands of popcorn and my testers, so I had two primary resources available. There were both resulting advantages and disadvantages in this experiment. Some advantages in my research were I got to find out the best tasting popcorns and the most preferred according to myself and others who tested the different brands out. Another positive is I recorded the kernels popped so I can see what batch ill get the most popped popcorn out of when it is cooked. What is also recorded is the taste, texture, the way it crunches, and the sweetness of the different brands of popcorn. There were also some disadvantages with this experiment as well. One of those disadvantages could be that maybe one of the testers had a specifically favorite brand and only chose that one because it’s the one that they would most prefer because everyone has different taste and likes different things, so it may not be fully accurate. Another downside of this experiment could be that maybe if I cooked the different brands for a little longer all of the kernels could have been popped but I used the same exact method for each to make the experiment equal. More advantages to this experiment then there were disadvantages and my research recorded helped a lot.

Tycho Brahe Essays - Copernican Revolution, Tycho Brahe,

Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe Tyge (Latinized as Tycho) Brahe was born on 14 December 1546 in Skane, then in Denmark, now in Sweden. He was the eldest son of Otto Brahe and Beatte Bille, both from families in the high nobility of Denmark. He was brought up by his paternal uncle J?rgen Brahe and became his heir. He attended the universities of Copenhagen and Leipzig, and then traveled through the German region, studying further at the universities of Wittenberg, Rostock, and Basel. During this period his interest in alchemy and astronomy was aroused, and he bought several astronomical instruments. In 1572 Tycho observed the new star in Cassiopeia and published a brief tract about it the following year. In 1574 he gave a course of lectures on astronomy at the University of Copenhagen. He was now convinced that the improvement of astronomy hinged on accurate observations. After another tour of Germany, where he visited astronomers, Tycho accepted an offer from the King Frederick II to fund an observatory. He was given the little island of Hven in the Sont near Copenhagen, and there he built his observatory, Uraniburg, which became the finest observatory in Europe. Tycho designed and built new instruments, calibrated them, and instituted nightly observations. He also ran his own printing press. The observatory was visited by many scholars, and Tycho trained a generation of young astronomers there in the art of observing. After a falling out with King Christian IV, Tycho packed up his instruments and books in 1597 and left Denmark. After traveling several years, he settled in Prague in 1599 as the Imperial Mathematician at the court of Emperor Rudolph II. He died there in 1601. His instruments were stored and eventually lost. Tycho Brahe's contributions to astronomy were enormous. He not only designed and built instruments, he also calibrated them and checked their accuracy periodically. He thus revolutionized astronomical instrumentation. He also changed observational practice profoundly. Whereas earlier astronomers had been content to observe the positions of planets and the Moon at certain important points of their orbits. Tycho and his cast of assistants observed these bodies throughout their orbits. As a result, a number of orbital anomalies never before noticed were made explicit by Tycho. Without these complete series of observations of unprecedented accuracy, Kepler could not have discovered that planets move in elliptical orbits. Tycho was also the first astronomer to make corrections for atmospheric refraction*. In general, whereas previous astronomers made observations accurate to perhaps 15 arc minutes, those of Tycho were accurate to perhaps 2 arc minutes, and it has been shown that his best observations were accurate to about half an arc minute. Tycho's observations of the new star of 1572 and comet of 1577, and his publications on these phenomena, were instrumental in establishing the fact that these bodies were above the Moon and that therefore the heavens were not immutable as Aristotle had argued and philosophers still believed. The heavens were changeable and therefore the Aristotelian division between the heavenly and earthly regions came under attack (see, for instance, Galileo's Dialogue) and was eventually dropped. Further, if comets were in the heavens, they moved through the heavens. Up to now it had been believed that planets were carried on material spheres (spherical shells) that fit tightly around each other. Tycho's observations showed that this arrangement was impossible because comets moved through these spheres. Celestial spheres faded out of existence between 1575 and 1625. Tycho developed a system that combined the best of both worlds. He kept the Earth in the center of the universe, so that he could retain Aristotelian physics The Moon and Sun revolved about the Earth, and the shell of the fixed stars was centered on the Earth. But Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn revolved about the Sun. He put the (circular) path of the comet of 1577 between Venus and Mars. This Tychonic world system became popular early in the seventeenth century among those who felt forced to reject the Ptolemaic arrangement of the planets (in which the Earth was the center of all motions) but who, for various reasons, could not accept the Copernican alternative. Tycho's major works include De Nova et Nullius Aevi Memoria Prius Visa Stella (On the New and Never

Financial Structures Domestic and Foreign

Financial Structures Domestic and Foreign Introduction While financing foreign and domestic projects, many options for financial structures may exist. A company would select a foreign investment project option based on the risks and costs that relate to the various available options. This short paper gives a synopsis of how financing a foreign project differs from financing a domestic project.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Structures: Domestic and Foreign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It presents the various short-term and long-term financing sources that are available in the international financial markets. Lastly, it gives some of the risks that come with the various financing options. How foreign project differs from domestic project Organizations that wish to invest in foreign nations design financial structures of a foreign project with the chief intention of scrutinizing the mechanisms for capitalizing domestic and foreign funds, the equ ities of one market, the debt of another, and short-term and long-term financing options of their chosen project. Project financing relies on the projected cash flows of the project, as opposed to the sponsors’ balance sheets (Hoffman, 2007, p.35). It entails financing structures that involve various equity investors (sponsors) together with a couple of bank syndicates and other lending organizations that offer loans to facilitate the operation of the project (Worenklein, 2003, p.8). The difference between domestic and foreign project financing is that financial institutions granting loans can be both domestic and international for the case of domestic financing. In the case of foreign financing, many domestic financial institutions shun from granting loans to fund foreign-based projects. Short-term and long-term financial sources There are several short-term and long-term financial sources that are available in the international financial markets to finance projects. On long -term basis, financial resources can come from capital markets, mutual funds, foreign sources, and or specific financing institutions (Giddy, 2012, p.5). Capital markets involve borrowing from banks, foreign markets, issuing of bonds, shares and debentures, and or from any international financial institutions such as the World Bank. On short-terms basis, finances can come from debt insurance, hybrid financing, and equity financing.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the international financial markets, the most available means of acquiring finance is by borrowing from international financial institutions. Additionally, for the case of global companies, an organization can acquire finances through the issuance of bonds and shares in the international markets. Risks Associated with the Financing Options Although there are valid ways through which organization can obt ain finances in the international financial markets, each of the ways present some risks. Some of these risks are akin to the nature of the project finance in the international platforms. For instance, â€Å"project finance structures are exceedingly complex structures, which result in massive third-party upfront investments or deadweight costs in various legal processes, which are crucial for designing and preparing project ownership structure, loan documentation, and other contractual requirements† (Srivastava Kumar, 2010, p.9). Additionally, financial advisors who help in the process of financial structuring may charge fees ranging from 50 to 100 points (Brealey Myers, 2003, p.98). Since the organizations have to incur these costs during the process of project development, in case the projects turn out infeasible, they would not recover the costs. For this reason, some sources of project finances are unattractive. For instance, issuance of bonds and long-term loans from banks are risky in the sense that organization will have to pay any gains from loans and bonds after some specified period. Comparatively, raising finance from issuance of shares is less risky since organizations will have to pay constant dividends once the project becomes operational and or when there is an increase in the share value. Reference List Brealey, A., Myers, S. (2003). Principles of Corporate Finance. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Structures: Domestic and Foreign specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Giddy, I. (2012). Project Financing. Web. Hoffman, S. (2007). The Law and Business of International Project Finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Srivastava, V., Kumar, A. (2010).Financing Infrastructure Projects in India from Corporate Finance to Project Finance. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 5 (5), 7-20. Worenklein, J. (2003). The Global Crisis in Power and Infrastructure: Lessons Learned and New Directions. The Journal of Structured and Project Finance, 3 (2), 7-11.

Books About African American Women and Feminist Theory

Books About African American Women and Feminist Theory Feminism in the 1960s and 1970s made a difference in the life of women in the United States, but the womens movement is often remembered as being too white. Many black feminists responded to the womens liberation movement and the cries of sisterhood with writings that critically analyzed the second wave of feminism or provided missing pieces of the puzzle. Here is a list of five important books about African-American feminism: Ain’t I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism by bell hooks (1981)The important feminist writer bell hooks responds to racism in the second-wave feminist movement and sexism in the Civil Rights movement. All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave edited by Gloria T. Hull, Patricia Bell Scott and Barbara Smith   (1982)Racism, the feminist â€Å"sisterhood,† myths about women, Black consciousness, history, literature and theory combine in this interdisciplinary anthology. In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose by Alice Walker (1983)A collection of nearly 20 years of Alice Walkers writing about the civil rights and peace movements, feminist theory, families, white society, black writers and the â€Å"womanist† tradition. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches by Audre Lorde (1984)An eye-opening collection about feminism, transformation, anger, sexism and identity from the marvelous poet Audre Lorde. Words of Fire: An Ant hology of African-American Feminist Thought edited by Beverly Guy-Sheftall   (1995)This collection includes the philosophies of black women from the 1830s through the turn of the 21st century. Sojourner Truth, Ida Wells-Barnett, Angela Davis, Pauli Murray and Alice Walker are just a few of the writers included.

Business Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Case Study - Essay Example The paper discusses the history of the Airline, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT), discusses an appropriate strategy that can be adopted by the airline to achieve growth. Southwest (2009) Southwest airline was formed in 1971 by Herb Kelleher and Rollin King, their main aim was to offer freights to customers at the lowest price possible and also make sure consumers arrived at their destinations on time. The company has expanded over the years and today the airline offers services to over seventy million consumers in a year. (Southwest (2009)) In 1979 the company introduced a self service ticket booking machine, this increased convenience to consumers. However in this year the airline could only offer services to 3 states, in 1983 the airline expanded and increased its destinations to over 34 cities. After the September 11 attack the airline still recorded a profit but its revenue declined by60%, in the following year the number of destinations increased to 58 cities. In 2004 the company was ranked as the fourth largest carrier given that the number of consumers per years had increased and the company had made profits for over 30 year in a row. (Southwest (2009)) Today the airline is still one of the best performing countries and its strategy has helped the company to achieve high growth and make profits over the years, the number of destinations have increased and due ... However a major problem is that other airlines have adopted the company's strategies and this has reduced its competitive position in the airline industry. (Southwest (2009)) B. SWOT analysis: This section discusses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Southwest airlines: Strengths: There are a number of internal strengths of the company, these strengths include: 1. Low fare prices: The company offers low fare prices, the low fare prices results into increased ticket demand; increased usage helps the company to realize economies of scale and therefore achieves high profits. 2. Online booking: The company has an advantage in that over 50% of booking are made online, it online booking services helps promote convenience to the customers. 3. unionized workers and flexible working hours: One in four employees of the company is a union member. However the company is still able to negotiate flexible working hours despite many employees being members of a union. (Robinson (2002)) Weaknesses: The company has a number of weaknesses and they include: 1. International freights: The company only offers services to a limited number of destinations, the company offers services to58 destinations only, it offers short distance freights and does not offer international freights that would help the company increase number of freights and revenue. (Robinson (2002)) 2. Boeing 737: The company only uses one product which is Boeing 7373 and this may be considered a major drawback to the company given that its reputation could be highly affected if the safety of such aircrafts is compromised. 3. Unionized workers: A large number of the company's employees are unionized, this affects the company given that negotiation regarding wages and working hours are done by a

Statement of Work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statement of Work - Coursework Example The outcome of the contract will increase the Fair attendance to an average of 287,000 attendants and enhance the positive image of the Fair. The contract seeks to provide carnival services to the Spokane interstate fair with operational carnival rides, games, five food sessions and novelty concessions. The contract should provide management expertise and the payment for the carnival services will be paid before September. The gross receipts will not include insurance fees and any applicable taxes. Additionally, the contractor will provide expertise in the content of the promotional programs so as to increase the attendance of the trade fair. The contract shall implement promotional programs designed to increase the attendance rate of the fair. The contractor will demonstrate a high level of expertise and allow the games, rides and shows open at all time The contractor shall abide by all the recommendations stipulated by Spokane Loss/Safety control Department. Moreover, prior to the opening of the Fair, all the concessions and ride shall be inspected by the Washington Department of