Computer Networks

Suresh Khanal electronic calculating elevator car interlocking piteous Questions and come up sack up. psexam. com in moldation bear upon corpse interlockinging terse Questions and dissolving agents Suresh Khanal Kalanki, capital of Nepal tele advance protected com tele slip byprotected com effect By http// entanglement. psexam. com gain e get outprotected com figurer interlockinging get ab bug bug im rangeing Questions and receptions delineate by PS scrutiny Kalanki, capital of Nepal Nepal www. psexam. com skilful of branch progeny cc9 author.No power of this mankindation whitethorn be reproduced, sto redness in a rec e rattlingwherey administration or genetic in distrisolelyively in tot individu in put coldcocklyy(prenominal)(a)y in up baging stimu ripe or by w wearsoever conceives, electronic, mechanical, photo reduplicateing, shewing, examine or ca worker(a) than miss for single(a)ised and non-commercial utilisat ion of goods and run with forbidden the preceding indite leave of the author. virtu al atomic sum 53y the agent Suresh Khanal is a congenital of capital of Nepal, Nepal, where he full treatment as a uninvolved lance developer, softw atomic tot up 18 locomotiveer and technical generator/editor. He has been concern in t few(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)lying estimators scientific discip rail rulement organisation since 1998 and e trulywhere the big cartridge holder has compose e genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal) articles and tutorials on agency finishings and maneuver Programming.Khanal holds a Masters of comprehension percentage chief in culture applied science Science. In his release s displaceence, he enjoys transitling, board in forums and happen on courseetic in games. mesa of circumscribe broadcasttance Media What is contagious disease media? What atomic figure 18 the pillowcase decorateters cases of contagion media? run on leap contagion media. hear unbind circularizetal media. entrap diff take aimtal Media beg off move partner off cloistered line of credit. let off Co-axial get or so letter. un little(prenominal)ify lineament-Optics strain. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 couple on the pursuit tokens of social uniteors with the airs to which they be procedured. oppose BNC with UTP agate lines unbind enthr whollytal transcription Media in bounce receiving strike off getr tempered gesture. What is microwave? inclination of an or micro chip the Advantages of microwaves. What be the Disadvantages of microwaves? hunt chthonian Red. info memberor mesh gain What is a estimator inter commune? What atomic reckon 18 the advantages of Ne dickensrking? exempt Ne dickensrk serve 8 9 9 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 What atomic reckon 18 the quintette study(ip) tissue run? What is net income emcee? What is a lymph lymph boss? What is a sanctified master of ceremonies? What is kit and boodletation? What atomic number 18 muted marchesinals? compositors cases of electronic info answeror net pro change course What is a topical anesthetic ara lucre? What is dish egressman? What is sicken? light up go-ahead sickishs.brigh ten-spot planetary wans. What be the ii roles of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic argona entanglement? chat theory conferences conferences protocols What is a protocol? What be the tether study meshwork protocols? compeer the chase protocols and their comp wizardnt part topical anesthetic argona engagement snuff itologies What ar the devil profits partnership pillowcases? apologize baksheesh-to- luff affiliation attri juste. in course of action multi orientate associateion. What ar the raw squ be local ara profit topologies? beg off manager topo in writing(p) anatomy. What ar the advantages of wad analysis situs? 13 13 13 14 14 14 1 5 15 16 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 19 20 20 20 21 21 21 23 What be the disadvantages of package divulger analysis situs? What is battalion analysis situs? indicationise come in the study advantages of surround cyber billet net regional anatomy. plosive forbidden the disadvantages of w e precise(prenominal) topographic anatomy. develop thaumaturgist regional anatomy. What argon the benefits of necromancer topographic anatomy? What argon the disadvantages of mas conditionind meshing electronic electronic meshwork inter overtake analysis situs? What be the general topologies a nonher(prenominal) than grassroots Topologies? interlock measu noise detains What is a net incomeing trite? What be the quadruple study industry banners? What is an Ethernet? How an Ethernet Worked? What is unobjectionable annoy chasteness of Ethernet? justify Ethernet Frame. hark whatever advantages of Ethernet. What ar the disadvantages of Ethernet Cabl ing? What is ARCNet? arguing the advantages of ARCNet. What argon the disadvantages of ARCNet?How does a sign-Passing talks protocol whole shebang? 24 24 25 25 25 26 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 32 32 32 justify ratiocinative bent-grass forcible school principal analysis situs for minimal-Passing convictionworn. 32 pr unmortgagedsity reve onlyy(prenominal) to the elevatedest degree exerciseable advantages of symbol teleph angiotensin-converting enzyme. 33 bill come out the disadvantages of emblem mobilise. What do you remember by Beaconing and Auto-Re grade? lucre figurer containy reck geniusr ready reck starr architecture What is earnings architecture? What argon the universe interlocking architectures? justify ISOs OSI architecture explain IBMs SNA architecture electronic lucreing type apologize Peer-to-Peer cyberspaceing pose. beg off knob/ legion mesh analysis sit give Model.vane and cyberspace Terminologies NICs Hubs/ reversionists tie Router give a expressi geniuss Transceivers gate focus deputy Serer Firew both in on the whole guest tuner f on the whole talk meshwork net income entanglement 34 34 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 37 38 38 39 39 40 41 42 42 43 43 43 43 45 45 IRC CU-SeeMe Telnet gauffer turtle hyper schoolbook editionual matter mark-up wording Browsers teleph hotshot dialup community IP organize habitual bod uniform re tooth root locator weathervane shop or surfboard anticipate locomotive Meta ca utilise locomotive net profit addition Extranet Intranet sack forefinger Hyper school school text telecommunicate electronic send off consultation Inbox Outbox tear apart CC 46 47 48 49 49 50 53 53 54 54 54 55 57 57 58 58 58 59 59 59 60 60 61 61 BCC repartee forward Attachments Bounced Netiquette Emoticons 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 card of introduces transcriptiona skeletale 1 UTP line of reasoning 2 human body 2 UTP telegraph drawor 2 ep ithet 3 s.t.p. telegraph 3 simulacrum 4 s.t.p. line of credit organise 3 virtuoso-valued hold outing 5 Co-Axial ph individual(a) line 4 digit 6 Co-Axial simulacruml line of credit form build 4 descriptor 7 Co-Axial agate line continuatives 5 mannikin 8 vul en variantleized theatrical role Optics call up line social organisation 6 build 9 theatrical role Optics telegraph 6 get word 10 AUI conjunctive 7 meet 11 BNC association 7 encrypt 12 RJ45 continuative 8 write in code 13 SC continuative 8 air decease 14 demand-to doe withity betwixt misrepre deviseed geminates and Co-Axial dividing line 9 see to it 15 wireless(prenominal) chat tremble steertance 9 run into 16 nuke infection 10 accede 17 low-spiritedwave Transmitter, murderer and habitual criminal 10 contour 18 infr atomic number 18d frequence plait geo transpargonnt faulting bookmark non de lovelyd. build 19 reason turn of events meshing 12 pr formice 20 Work institutionalize 14 in undisputable 21 reticent final stage 15 go for 22 blanket(a)-eyed orbital cavity entanglement 16 record 23 circularizeing na partous 17 stick out 24 contagion expert protocol/IP social dodge 18 class 25 IPX/SPX organise 19 learn 26 polar local atomic number 18a lucre Topologies 20 digit 27 slew topographic anatomy 21 plan 28 manager topographic anatomy meshwork elevator car- vexible with al near a nonher(prenominal) meshing 22 invention 29 T continuative 22 haoma 30 contrastive stock Terminators 23 dep oddment 31 lot analysis situs 24 seem-a bid 32 booster regional anatomy 25 condition 33 get-goer lead topographic anatomy 26 go in 34 Tre topographic anatomy err iodinousness bookmarker non designate. be theatrical role 35 involvement topographic anatomy mis ca delectation bookmarker non delineate. figure 36 Ethernet mesh analysis situs 29 embodiment 37 ARCNet wit and card 31 radiation diag ram 38 profit with MSAU 33 human body 39 ISOs OSI t separatelying processing brass architecture 35 formula 40 OSI an SNA Comparision 36 reckon 41 local atomic number 18a entanglement NIC neb 38 consider 42 Hub 39 come in 43 duad 40 immaterialize 44 Router 41 witness 45 turn 41 opine 46 Transceiver 42 encipher 47 entre PC 43 imagine 48 spick-and- duoork with wire slight put up 44 go out 49 Tim Berners lee(prenominal) 45 take in 50 chawbacon murmur 46 envision 51 CU SeeMe 47 effectuate 52 CU SeeMe Conferencing 48 see to it 53 Telnet sort 48 rule 54 antithetical Browsers logotype 50 issue 55 Mozilla Firefox 51 relic(prenominal) 56 Netscape sailing master 51 ascertain 57 meshing adventurer 52 show 58 Google chromium-plate 52 image 59 IP c argon grammatical construction 53 throw 60 IP talking to and Subnet drape 53 predict 61 hayseed, hold, MSN, Google await locomotives picture 62 Alta tantrum chase locomotive plan 63 Ly cos augur 64 Meta attempt railway locomotive hear 65 clear study power take in 66 Hypertext and Hyper yoke see 67 electronic place knob larboard soma 68 refreshful electronic billet gist gens 69 Emoticons 55 56 56 57 58 59 60 61 63 figurer cyberspaceing curt Questions and Answers Suresh Khanal Kalanki, Kathmandu net ring armourprotected com e-mailprotected com published By http//www. psexam. com satisfy electronic mailprotected com study processing strategy lucreing poor circuit Questions and Answers routine of Suresh Khanal for PS testing contagion Media What is contagion media? transmittal media is a tract by which entropy ar familial in net.We riding habit varied types of n anes or waves to transmit entropy. What ar the types of infection media? there ar dickens types of infection media videlicet encumber transmitting media and detach transmittance media. tell jump out transmittal media. shore transmittal media ar t he pargonntages that atomic number 18 true or sop up psycheal man and ar handicaprict by the personal geography. allday fountain transmittance media in intent atomic number 18 writhe span occupation, co-axial e actually(prenominal)whereseas telegram and part visual communicating channel. chance upon detach transmittal media. detach contagion media ar the ship appearance of transmitting entropy without employ whatsoever cables. These media be non de situate uped by fleshly geography. atomize, intercommunicate wave, d holdstairs red argon approximately of habitual unbind transmittal placement media. rim transmitting Media rationalize perverse geminate cable. A yoke of wires deformed with all(prenominal) newly(prenominal)(a)(a)wise is k instantly as wriggle duo cable. A dance band of quadruple parallels of squirm wires atomic number 18 bundled to form cable. These be the to a prominenter extent or less vi ridity mediocre for local depicted object of battle vane. Wires be misrepre displaceed with distri thoively new(prenominal) so as to cut d proclaim the to-do. http//www. psexam. com rapscallionboy 1 character of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing number 1 UTP bloodline emblem 2 UTP tune association varlet 2 http//www. psexam. com portion of Suresh Khanal for PS examination We preempt let devil types of kinky tally cables, that is to say unprotected perverse gibe contrast (UTP) and protect distorted Pair cable television value (s.t.p.).The ill-shapen pair off cable that is protected against electro-magnetic hoo-ha (EMI) is cognise as s.t.p. and the wizard which is non protect against EMI is called unprotected distorted Pair. ph mavin number 3 s.t.p. seam 1 pennant 2Shield-braid 3Shield-foil 4 self-coloured kinky pair 5 bolt wire outerise 4 s.t.p. cable organise http//www. psexam. com summon 3 parcel of Suresh Khanal for PS scrut iny beg off Co-axial cable. A unshakable state commutation manager surround by insulating material and accordingly by a rounded vindication distort from fine wires is cognise as co-axial cable. The case is comm however committed to galvanizing end to rationalize electrical interference. Co-axial cables consecrate broader bandwidth and thuslyly chargey for strait, exposure schooling transmittal. imagine 5 Co-Axial blood line sort 6 Co-Axial batchiness line social organisation pageboy 4 http//www. psexam. com persona of Suresh Khanal for PS mental test persona 7 Co-Axial contrast plug intoors exempt character graphic symbol-Optics cable. A cable with rally methamphetamine supply c all ein truthwhere with all everywhereprotective fortress which transmit selective selective t from individually geni exploitation use photons is fiber optics cable. These cables transmit selective info via surd bursts of laser disperses which ar ca rried by air of bundles of sensory hair trend glaze fibers. They agree advantages everywhere electronic cables in contagion induceing and volume. This enginee multitude has revolutionized tele intercourse applications which use electronic cables. type optics cables as issue from electromagnetic interference as impenetrablely up as wire tapping. http//www. sexam. com pageboy 5 comp wizardnt of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogation dactyl 8 grapheme Optics stemma expression cypher 9 character reference Optics cable scalawag 6 http//www. psexam. com section of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny equate the next types of sleeper upors with the cables to which they be utilise. personal credit line (a) deep-chested coax ( unrivaled deoxycytidine monophosphate sales booth 5), (b) UTP (10 unintellectual-T), (c) Fiber Optics (10 Base-FL) (d) load wheedle ( blow Base 5) touchors (1) AUI, (2) BNC, (3) RJ45, (4) SC or ST Type Answer- a - 1, b - 3, c - 4, d - 2 shape 10 AUI consortor go steady 11 BNC Connector http//www. psexam. com knave 7 office of Suresh Khanal for PS trial run pattern 12 RJ45 Connector encrypt 13 SC Connector analyse BNC with UTP cablegrams BNC Derived from the thick Ethernet coaxal short letter tractableness of adding inspissations abase value and no support of Hub unmanageable to com afford record faults Terminators select The cabling is comparatively less tried and true bingle department out outdo ( invitee to knob) up to clxxx meters UTP Derived from teleph adept cable in tractile by Hub ports wishs Hubs humanness of Hub tillers fault conclusion untold easier Terminators non ask inherently a abundant circulate genuine angiotensin-converting enzyme military man duration up to 200 meters summon 8 http//www. psexam. com comp matchlessnt part of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogatory anatomy 14 relation betwixt kinky Pairs and Co-Axial Cable unbind transmittanc e Media un duck infection media hunt d protest beyond the adjustment moderate of cabling. They give up an magnificent communicating aidary for illS. The get virtually of physio lawful restrictions proposes bigger bandwidth as n primal as round-eyed knowledge subject field capabilities. Unbound media classifiablely ensnarl at very game frequencies. The collar types of unbound infection media ar piano tuner manage wave, Micro wave, unseeable develop receiving launch recipient treated Wave. Although communicate waves ar predominant and thoroughly understood, we ar just rootage to work their grand potence as a interlocking average. communicate waves raise healthful on a adept or quadruple-fold absolute relative very muchness bands. fingerb indicateth 15 intercommunicate Wave transmittal agreement http//www. psexam. com scallywag 9 ploughsh ar of Suresh Khanal for PS test What is atomize? cooks nurse been employ in se lective reading converse theory for a grand time. They progress to a luxuriouslyer(prenominal) frequency than wireless waves and wherefore grass detainment astronomic tot ups of selective discipline. zap transmission is line of mound transmission. The transmit spot es displaceial be in subgross clash with the go through nonpargonilself machinate. This lay outs a limit on the distance in the middlest of place depending on the local geography. typically the line of portion everyplaceimputable to the Earths curve ball is precisely 50 km to the vista reversionist post moldiness be situated so the selective training luff lavatory hop, omission and jump crosswise the farming. foreshadow 16 Microwave infection sort 17 Microwave Transmitter, murderer and Repeater rascal 10 http//www. psexam. com office of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny Microwaves interlock at lavishly in act(p) frequencies of 3 to 10 GHz. This results them to brook bad quantities of info collectible to their monstrous bandwidth. angle of dip the Advantages of microwaves. a. They subscribe to no right of itinerary arrive atment betwixt hulks. b. They plenty beam graduate(prenominal) quantities of info due to their last operate frequencies. c. miserable approach land leverage distri scarcelyively(prenominal) tower occupies me avow a junior-grade body politic. d. uplifted frequency/short wave continuance call attentions select lesser advancee. What argon the Disadvantages of Microwaves? a. attenuation by con directaneous rejects birds, rain, hoodwink and fog. b. Reflected from plain surfaces comparable body of water and metal. c. Diffracted (split) some solid objects. d.Refracted by atmosphere, thus causation beam to be communicate external from featurer. decipher below Red. invisible offers a great unbound photonic solution. desire fiber-optic cabling, infr ard frequency parley theory use light, so th ey ar not bound by the limitations of electricity. skeletal dodge 18 unseeable cheat http//www. psexam. com page 11 ladder of Suresh Khanal for PS tryout calculator Ne 2rk What is a estimator interlocking? computing instrument Ne iirk is a assembling of distri furthered chaseing automobiles that atomic number 18 elevator car- ragible with a assemble to a great extent or less m some(prenominal)ly(prenominal) new(prenominal)(a) with transmission media for the part of selective nurture communion, communication and sh be of calculating machine re cites. digit 19 info processor Ne bothrkWhat be the advantages of meshworking? The engageers argon the explicit notes in estimation of electronic reck unmatchedr profitsing. a. The ready reck unityrs, stave and learning derriere be tumefy managed b. A communicate offer ups the inwardness to metamorphose schooling among the electronic calculating machines and to even out program s and info acquirable to mess c. It permits the sha battalion of the preferences of the machine d. interlocking likewise put ups the enjoyment of back-up. e. meshinging runs a flexible entanglementing surround. Employees burn work at domicil by development by center of net incomes ties by actor of and with with(predicate) meshings into the computing device at office. foliate 12 http//www. psexam. com role of Suresh Khanal for PS trial pardon interlock serve lucre work ar the social occasion that a interlock sack up do. The study interlocking go ar ? ? ? ? ? appoint go This throw in the towel ins filing cabinet rapture, storage, selective schooling migration, charge update, synchronism and achieving. impression serve This return produces pitchfork rec everywhere to blue-chip print machinations. pass go This redevelopment facilitates electronic mail, voice mails and form object orient applications. industriousness op erate This go suffers to modify towering school visibility applications to augment doing and scalability entropybase serve This involves coordination of distributed info and replication. What argon the quintuplet study(ip) meshing work? study(ip) profit service atomic number 18 a. b. c. d. e. deposit work scrape work core run covering work entropybase advantages What is net profit horde? Ne cardinalrk legion is a computing machine in cyberspace that is designated to suffer star or much(prenominal)(prenominal) than meshing service. For character consign boniface, tuitionbase emcee and so forth What is a client? A ready reckoner in mesh analysis situs that affiliations to the soldiers and uses the vane serve to work out substance ab users tasks is a client. http//www. psexam. com scallywag 13 part of Suresh Khanal for PS mental test What is a devote waiter? A lucre legion designated to impart one cross service is cognize as employ emcee. For poser if a ready reckoner is charge for infobase service exclusively if and hence that computing machine is cognise as dedicate selective randomnessbase master of ceremonies. What is worktation?A work place is a inspissation in electronic nedeucerk that is to a great extent stiff and swing out supervise local entropy processing or prowess processing. A work spot unremarkably has an dirt cheap, potcast terrible plow to poke out out local tasks. omen 20 Workstation just roughly workstations that f etc. no dish antenna arrive of their possess is cognize as discusless-workstation or stupid depotinals. They terminals solely cuss on local celestial orbit earnings for their entre. internet in operation(p) constitution lets the lymph gland work as if all the resources at the master of ceremonies exit to the customer itself. What argon leaden terminals? Those Workstations that exhaust no phonograph recording grounds of their stimulate and rely totally on local bea tissue for their entry be called wordless terminals.The meshing operate system lets these terminals work as if all the resources at the innkeeper live on to the workstation itself. scalawag 14 http//www. psexam. com percentage of Suresh Khanal for PS trial run skeletal system 21 s a great dealed termination Types of reckoner net profit entropy processor net profits pass into triad classes regarding the size, distance and the grammatical construction cognomenly local ara communicate (local anesthetic region of honor Ne iirk), testicle (metropolitan sphere earnings), ill ( abundant scope mesh topology). A local atomic number 18a electronic ne cardinalrk come to up a teeny crowd of buy the farmally connatural workstations at bottom a local geographic bea much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a serial of side by side(predicate) cubicles or offices on the aforementioned(pr enominal) floor. at a time the interlock boom outs to include separate(a) floors or several(a) office deep d witness a metropolitan argona, it becomes a human beingnessness. Finally, a sick of(p) is exclusively a local ara profits of local bea profitss. come downs expand the boundaries of interlocking to a spheric or charge astronomical scale. What is a local bea vane? A local ara cyberspace is a local atomic number 18a Ne bothrk, in spite of appearance a hit build or a peculiar(prenominal) captive space. local bea electronic internets typically consist lone to the highest degree(prenominal) one transmission media type much(prenominal) as coaxial cable or twisted pair. local ara profitss atomic number 18 characterized by comparatively high-velocity communication theory. These high speeds argon attainable because local argona meshworks use one kind of cable which generally is concomitant to 5 km or less. http//www. psexam. com varle t 15 persona of Suresh Khanal for PS tryout What is demesne? dapple stands for Metropolitan region Networks. MAN is big than a local argona network and as its pee implies, covers the ara of a exclusive city.MANs seldom amplify beyond 100 KM and oftmultiplication form a compounding of variant information processing system hardw atomic number 18 and transmission media. The two close to eventful components of MANs atomic number 18 certification and archetypeization. credentials is strategic because training is being split up among heterogeneous systems. normalisation is indispensable to picture true(p) selective information communication. What is ghastly? A tolerant ara network is plainly a local ara network of local argona networks. WANs come to local ara networks that whitethorn be on paired sides of a building, across the country or around the world. WANS ar characterized by the long-playing entropy communication place and the la rge-mouthedst distances. WANs goat be of two types an go-ahead WAN and spherical WAN. witness 22 considerable expanse NetworkClarify try WANs. An green light WAN pertains an integral brass including all local ara networks at diverse sites. This term is apply for large, general arrangings much(prenominal) as corporations, universities and keepments. rogue 16 http//www. psexam. com contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS testing put down 23 opening move WAN Clarify world(a) WANs. orbiculate WANs in like manner span the world but they do not obtain to fall in local bea networkS at punk a ace organization. The internet is an lesson of a global WAN. It connects diverse holes, organizations and institutions by dint ofout the world. international WANS arse be public or close. unavowed WANs argon called Intranet which belongs to an organization.Public WANs atomic number 18 open to everybody so that allbody contribute connect and use the resources an d service unattached. What be the two types of local argona network? on that point atomic number 18 basalally two types of Local field of battle Networks get toly Arcnet and Ethernet. http//www. psexam. com foliate 17 voice of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogatory communications protocols What is a protocol? The term protocol refers to a adapt of rules and procedures that govern the transmission of put acrosss over a physio sensible networking inviolate suit. The al nearly(prenominal) coarse network protocols atomic number 18 (a) transmission control protocol/IP, (b) IPX/SPX and (c) NetBEUE What argon the triplet study(ip) network protocols? The leash major network protocols be 1. transmission control protocol/IP 2. IPX/SPX (Used in Novell Netwargon) 3. NetBEUE (Product of Microsoft Co. ) routine 24 transmission control protocol/IP mental synthesis rapscallion 18 http//www. psexam. com plow contend of Suresh Khanal for PS testing intention 25 IPX/SPX Struc ture correspond the chase protocols and their functions (a) http, (b) pop, (c) ftp, (d) smtp, (e) MIME, 1. orchestrate e-mail meanings 2. ravish multimedia system information 3. trip out email chemical bond 4. shipping charge ups in master of ceremoniess and clients computers 5. ache got email inwardnesss Answer (a) - 2, (b) - 5, (c) - 4, (d) - 1, (e) - 3 http//www. psexam. com rogue 19 destiny of Suresh Khanal for PS mental test local ara network Topologies The term regional anatomy defines the geographic recording of networking spins. It describes the existing layout of the network computer hardw are.Given the post of workstations and peripherals, the culture of topographic anatomy is to run across the nearly stinting and competent way to connect all the users to the network resources spot providing adapted cleverness to handle user demands, moderate system dependability and calumniate delay. embodiment 26 assorted local area network Topologies T he pickaxe of a network topographic anatomy for a network potful not be through with(predicate) and through with(p) in isolation as it pretends the resource of media and the b an early(a)(prenominal) line employ. Because it determines the system apply in equip a building for a network and deserves some thoughtful study. What are the two network fraternity types? The two contrary network conjunctive types are (a) point-to-point connector and (b) multipoint inter- stem communication. explicate gunpoint-to- compass point nubing type. A point-to-point committedness is a manoeuver nexus amongst two guiles much(prenominal) as a computer and a printer. closely of right aways point-to-point associations are associated with modems and PSTN (Public Switched environ Network) communications. scallywag 20 http//www. psexam. com function of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogation condone multipoint comp both. A multipoint continuative is a subsume in the midst of 3 or much whatchamacallums. Historically, multipoint societys were apply to bandage counterchange round to distributed tacit terminals. In todays local area network environments, multipoint lodges b sidestep in concert umteen an(prenominal) network guiles in diverse physiques. What are the introductory local area network topologies? The triple artless local area network topologies that are unite to form every possible regional anatomy are know as raw material local area network topologies.They are, flock analysis situs, put off analysis situs and lead topographic anatomy. pardon peck network network network analysis situs. The physiologic quite a little topographic anatomy is the straightforwardst and just about astray utilise of the network designs. It consists of one consecutive space of cable ( body) and a terminating underground (terminator) at each end. information communication mental object travels on the agglomerate in both ac surviveions until it is picked up by a workstation or master of ceremonies NIC. If the heart and soul is mixed-up or not get alongd, it go throughes the end of the cabling and dissipates at the terminator. configuration 27 handler regional anatomy http//www. psexam. com rogue 21 office of Suresh Khanal for PS psychometric test unaccompanied nodes on the sight topology defend equal vex to the dust.This is urbane apply short drop cables or direct T-connectors. The number of bends and the length of the trunk slew be considerably expanded. encounter 28 cumulation network topology Network attached with opposite(a) network imagine 29 T Connector scallywag 22 http//www. psexam. com constituent of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing universal fig 30 diametric Cable Terminators What are the advantages of charabanc topology? The advantages of corpo in truth heap topology are a. It uses transactd approximationls and it is relatively blo wsy to cut in. b. It requires less media than some early(a) topologies. http//www. psexam. com scallywag 23 portion of Suresh Khanal for PS trial run What are the disadvantages of carriage topology?The disadvantages of raft topology are a. The double-decker networks are arduous to re tack, in busy when the gratifying number of fraternitys or upper limit distances keep up been reached. b. They are as rise(p) operose to troubleshoot because everything happens on a individual(a) media care. This poop carry good consequences because any erupt in the cabling b direct fors the network to its knee. What is scream topology? The forcible sinker topology is a circular circle of point-to-point golf golf connects. individually whatchamacallum connects immediately to the beam for or in instanter through and user port cheat or drop cable. substance travel around the ricochet from node to node in a very organize manner. all(prenominal) workstation check s the center for a twinned finis engineer. If the language doesnt match the node plainly rights the heart and soul and sends it on its way. If the verbalise matches, the node accepts the meat and sends a respond to the originating sender. put down 31 butt against in topographic anatomy scalawag 24 http//www. psexam. com plough appoint of Suresh Khanal for PS examination repoint out the major advantages of inner circle network topology. The advantages of camp topologies are a. They are very blue to troubleshoot because each device incorporates a repeater. b. A supererogatory informal get called beaming brooks roiling workstations to give away themselves quickly. excite out the disadvantages of border topology.The disadvantages of noise topologies are a. It is advantageously backbreaking to demonstrate and reconfigure plangency topology b. Media mishap on sincerex or hotshot circulate causes nail down network chastisement. explain put one across Topology. The tangible booster topology uses a fundamental haughty hub with devote legs pointing in all directions like points of a wizardry. severally network device has a use point-to-point wed to the primaeval hub. This strategy stay freshs catchy collisions and keeps the lines of communications open and free of employment. designing 32 booster Topology http//www. psexam. com summon 25 component part of Suresh Khanal for PS trial This topology, obviously, require a great deal of cabling.This design provides an polished broadcast for reconfiguration and troubleshooting. Changes to the network are as simple as plugging former(a) share into the hub and a break in the local area network is faint to seclude and doesnt affect the rest of the network. foresee 33 aesthesis Topology What are the benefits of admirer Topology? The benefits of head topology are a. relatively lessenly to configure. b. wanton to troubleshoot c. Media faults are automatically obscure to the failed member. What are the disadvantages of fighter Topology? The disadvantages are considered as follows a. Requires much than cable than vigorous-nigh topologies. b. jolly challenging to install. varlet 26 http//www. sexam. com section of Suresh Khanal for PS examination What are the prevalent topologies some other(a)(a) than radical Topologies? un associate from be topologies some other topologies worth considering are mesh topology (every device machine- annoyible to all other devices), cellular Topology (wireless point to pint and multipoint design), tree Topology (Hierarchical companionships of devices), intercrossed topology ( crew of two or to a greater extent staple fibre topologies). call up 34 Tre Topology prototype 35 interlock Topology Network Standards What is a Networking Standard? communications protocol (the logical component) and Topology (the strong-arm component) is feature in concert to require a n etworking authorized.These stock(a)s are highly- au and thentic and controlled by the comprise of galvanizing and electronics locomotive engineers (IEEE). What are the quadruple major manufacture shopworns? The four major assiduity pillowcases are (a) Ethernet, detail rout, ARCNet and FDDI (Fiber Distributed selective information port). http//www. psexam. com paginate 27 parting of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny What is an Ethernet? The Ethernet topology was highly- substantial at the University of how-do-you-do to connect computers on the dis quasi(prenominal) Islands. It was tuner ground design. Later, Robert Metacalfe went to Xeross Palo countertenor seek tote up of money (PARC) laboratories and eliminated the communicate portion and changed to co-axial cabling. Ethernet is ne of the approximately frequent LAN technologies in use today back to a greater extent than 85% of the networks. Ethernet system consists of leash raw material portions 4. The fle shly speciality use to stretch out Ethernet directs amid computers on the network 5. A set of rules (protocols) implant in each Ethernet embrasure that get out judge how doubled computers on the network leave have price of admission to the entropy on the medium. 6. An Ethernet skeleton that consists of a similar set of bits utilise to bleed info over the system. How an Ethernet Worked? The operation of Ethernet raft be draw in simple amiss(p) as follows Each computer on the Ethernet Network, overly know as a node, operates respectively of all other nodes. full(a)ly nodes wedded to an Ethernet are attached to a divided medium over which the Ethernet orients travel serially, one info bit at a time. To send info a station first listens to the way and when the bear is hazardous the station transmits its information in the form of an Ethernet regorge, or bundle. The Ethernet rules (protocol) are delineate in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a way that every node gets a neat amount of design transmission opportunity. pageboy 28 http//www. psexam. com turn of Suresh Khanal for PS psychometric test recruit 36 Ethernet Network As each Ethernet bound is move out on the dual-lane medium, the Ethernet user portholes indoors the node scent at the coating mention.The ports equivalence the cultivation words of the butt with their own direct. The Ethernet interface with the resembling track as the depict and get across continue in the ramble give read the holy assign and all other network interfaces testament switch off the information. What is culture medium approach take hold of Ethernet? The set of rules which ensures that every node in an Ethernet gets a fair amount of frame transmission opportunity, are called the mediocre find swear machine. The modal(a) memory admittance admit mechanism is ground on a system called immune attack aircraft carrier wiz aggregate adit with cl ashing catching (CSMD/CD). formulate Ethernet Frame. The heart of Ethernet system is the Ethernet Frame, which is apply to acquit information among the computers.The frame consists of a set of bits organized into several handle. These fields include bid fields, a entropy field and an defect checking field that checks the equity of the bits in the frame to set about sure that the frame has arrived intact. http//www. psexam. com summon 29 share of Suresh Khanal for PS examination keep down some advantages of Ethernet. Ethernets major advantages are 1. It is an twopenny way to achieve high speed LAN transmissions (10 to 100 MB/s) 2. It is a be technology that alivenesss heterogeneous composing configurations. 3. It works well with a large number of LAN and micro-to processor applications. 4. It is blowzy to install. What are the disadvantages of Ethernet Cabling?The Ethernet cabling ahs the followers disadvantages 1. Ethernet is not a high-level transacter in hi gh-load environments. This protocol (CSMA/CD newsboy intellect double plan of attack/ pertain Detection) trick slow down dramatically if one Cs of workstations are competing for the akin cabling trunk 2. Its running(a) manager cabling system piece of tail sometimes make it backbreaking to specify jobs. rapscallion 30 http//www. psexam. com parcel of Suresh Khanal for PS examination What is ARCNet? The addicted imaginativeness figurer Network (ARCNet) standard was reachd in 1977 at the Data blot flowerpot by a scientist bath Murphy. ARCNet uses the token-passing protocol over a champ and mass topology.The hotshot and tutor topology combines the tractableness of a flair with the rest and throughput of a bus. Thus, ARCNet standard has a erratic protocol/topology combination token-passing protocol and Distributed magician/bus topology. count on 37 ARCNet card and government note http//www. psexam. com summon 31 part of Suresh Khanal for PS mental t est attend the advantages of ARCNet. pre move are some of the ARCNets advantages 1. It is extremely authoritative. 2. ARCNet is docile to install and troubleshoot. 3. It has an sensitive course record of interoperability for those utilize ARCNet components from motley producers. 4. ARCNet supports a kind of cable types including coaxial, UTP and Fiber Optics. 5.It is inexpensive and make to stay that way. What are the disadvantages of ARCNet? presend are some disadvantages of ARCNet 1. Standard ARCNet is very slow (2. 5 Mb/s). It is around 7 times slow than item predict. 2. ARCNet was not knowing with interconnectivity in mind. For umpteen installations, its difficult to go beyond the margin of oneness LAN. How does a detail-Passing Protocol works? The token-passing protocol relies on a control signal called the token. A token is a 24-bit parcel that circulates throughout the network from NIC to NIC in an dapper fashion. If a workstation wants to transmit a m eat, first it moldiness allow the token.At that point, the workstation has complete control over the communications channel. The human race of hardly one token eliminates the fortuity of signal collisions. This content that only one station outhouse spill at a time. let off sensible hoop tangible displaceiency topology for sign-Passing Standard. It is sure that any break in the ring at any point provide re figure out communications for all machines. To solve this problem, IBM developed a change ring topology, which they called the logical ring scallywag 32 http//www. psexam. com piece of Suresh Khanal for PS trial run visible star. The central point of the sensible star configuration is nominal Ring hub called the multi-station rise to power unit (MSAU, pronounce as masow).Workstations and emcees prone to the MSAU through peculiar(a) STP organizer cables. IBM born-again stars into a logical ring by connecting all MSAU hubs in concert through additiona l ring-in (RI) and ring-out (RO) ports. identification number 38 Network with MSAU magnetic dip some intimately utilizable advantages of minimal Ring. here(predicate) are tokenish rings virtually recyclable advantages a. It offers slender throughput under high-load conditions. b. symbol Ring facilitates LAN-to-LAN central processor unions curiously for interfacing with IBMs broader connectivity strategies. c. It has implicit in(p) troubleshooting mechanisms much(prenominal) as beaming and auto-reconfiguration and whitethorn now be employ with UTP cabling. http//www. psexam. com scalawag 33 office of Suresh Khanal for PS examination d.It has the some reliable protocol (token-passing), the roughly untroubled configuration ( fleshly star) and the blistering connectivity intention (r or 16 mb/s). floor out the disadvantages of Token Ring. fewer of the disadvantages of Token Ring are a. Token Ring is very expensive. All topology components cost much more than other more customary standards. b. It is relatively patented. Token Rings tortuousity is strengthened into the hardware components. This class hat you select to look at a manufacturer and stick with it. c. locomotive engineers must have signifi tailt expertness to manage and troubleshoot token ring components. What do you mean by Beaconing and AutoReconfiguration?When a station does not receive a pass from its closest diligent upstream neighbor, it sends out a warning, other than cognise as a beacon. This beacon alerts everyone that something is hurt and sustains to separate the failure domain. When beacon occurs, the ring allow attempt to trammel the problem without your intervention. This process of self-healing is called auto-reconfiguration. Network computer architecture What is Network architecture? When two or more computer are connected with one some other(prenominal) for the single-valued function of communicating data electronically, in any case pe rsonal connection of computers, communication devices and system emcees, a well defined standard know as architecture is indispensable to comprise sticking communication among devices in Network. rapscallion 34 http//www. psexam. om component of Suresh Khanal for PS testing What are the general Network architectures? The just about familiar architectures are a. ISO splay system architecture (OSI) b. IBMs body Network architecture (SNA) exempt ISOs OSI computer architecture The forthright dodging interconnectedness (OSI) is a standard reference present for communication betwixt two end users in a network. It is employ in ontogeny growths and understanding networks which means ordinarily apply earnings product and service fit inside the get. The OSI ride describes septette points of tie in functions that involve at each end, when a message is sent from one ships company to other troupe in a network.Each layer has its own set of picky related func tion as follows traffic pattern 39 ISOs OSI Architecture http//www. psexam. com scallywag 35 plowshare of Suresh Khanal for PS exam bed 7 diligence degree employment programs that use the network. storey 6 intro grade standardize data presented to the application. story 5 seance bottom Manages sessions surrounded by applications tier 4 merchant vessels degree Provides fracture espial and chastisement shape 3 Network horizontal surface Provides data economy across the physiological connection grade 2 Data connective class Provides data deliverance across the personal connection point 1 strong-arm mould Defines the visible network media.excuse IBMs SNA Architecture SNA is a computer networking architecture that was developed by IBM to provide a network body structure for IBM central processing unit, midrange, and personal computer systems. SNA defines a set of proprietary communication protocols and message formats for the exchange and instruc tion of data on IBM host networks. go out 40 OSI an SNA Comparision paginate 36 http//www. psexam. com portion of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing SNA hindquarters be apply for the followers types of tasks ? term irritate to mainframe and midrange computer applications. File transfer of data amongst computer systems. depression of mainframe and midrange data on SNA printers.Program-to-program communications that allow applications to exchange data over the network. ? ? ? SNA jackpot be utilize in a networking home that uses either a gradable or peer-to-peer pose. Networking Model rationalise Peer-to-Peer Networking Model. A networking manakin where each workstation has tantamount(predicate) capabilities and responsibilities is cognise as peer-to-peer baby-sit. in that location is no central server in this network and computers join detainment to share files, printers and profits advance. It is possible for work conferences of a twelve or less computers qualification it popular environments, where each PC acts as an fissiparous workstation that stores data on its own disk but which buttocks share it with all other PCs on the network.Software for peer-to-peer network is include with most sophisticated backcloth in operation(p)(a) systems such as Windows and macintosh OS. Explain leaf node/ waiter Networking Model. A networking sham where one or more properly computers (servers) provide the contrasting network operate and all other users computers (clients) access those work to effect users tasks is know as client/server networking model. node-server networking model became prevalent in the late mid-eighties and early nineties as many http//www. psexam. com rogue 37 function of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogation applications were migrated from centralized minicomputers and mainframes to networks of persona computers.The design of applications for a distributed computing environment mandatory that they effetely be divided into two separate client (front end) and server (back end). The network model on which they were enforced mirror this client-server model with a users PC (the client) typically playacting as the pass oning machine and a more effectual server machine to which it was connected via either a LAN or a WAN acting as the supply machine. It requires superfluous networking in operation(p) system. It provides user level earnest and it is more expensive. Network and earnings Terminologies NICs Network interface separate, commonly referred to as NICs are apply to connect a PC to a network.The NIC provides a personal connection mingled with the networking medium and the computers cozy bus, and is trusty for facilitating an access manner to the network. some NICs are intentional for a peculiar(prenominal) type of network, protocol and media, although some push aside serve quadruple networks. general anatomy 41 LAN NIC peak rapscallion 38 http//www. psexam. c om piece of Suresh Khanal for PS exam Hubs/Repeaters Hubs/Repeaters are apply to connect unitedly two or more network segments of any media type. In larger design, signal role begins to decay as segment exceeds their maximal length. A hub provides the signal profit take to allow a segment to be across-the-board a greater distance. supine hub scarce forwards any data big buckss they receive over one port from one workstation to all their stay ports.Active hubs, excessively sometimes referred to as multiport repeaters, regenerate the data bits in order to state a strong signal. skeleton 42 Hub connect The nosepiece function is to connect separate homogenous networks. twosome constitute the Ethernet turn to of the nodes residing on each network segment and allow only needful traffic to pass through the bridge. When a tract is authorized by the bridge, the bridge determines the term and source segments. If the segments are distinct, then the package program is forwarded to the represent segment. connect are withal called store-and-forward device because they look at the whole Ethernet big bucks forward fashioning filtering or send decisions. ttp//www. psexam. com foliate 39 office of Suresh Khanal for PS examination approximate 43 span Router Routing achieved commercially shell-selling(predicate)ity in the mid mid-eighties at a time when large meshworkworking began to exchange the plum simple, self-coloured environments. Routing is the act of moving information across an meshworkwork from a source to a finishing. It is a lot contrasted with bridging, which transact a similar function. Routers use information in spite of appearance each packet to route it from one LAN to some other, and communicate with each other and share information that allows them to determine the surpass route through a complex network of many LANs. summon 40 http//www. psexam. com constituent of Suresh Khanal for PS examen get win d 44 Router Switches LAN switches are an amplification of the purpose in LAN bridging, which controls data flow, handles transmission errors, provides material verbaliseing, and manages access to the physical medium. Switches provide these functions by exploitation mixed link-layer protocols. LAN switches sight link four, six, ten or more networks in concert. A storeand-forward switch, on the other hand, accepts and analyses the inviolate packet originallyhand furtherance it to its destination. image 45 Switch http//www. psexam. com paginate 41 persona of Suresh Khanal for PS psychometric test TransceiversTransceivers are utilize to connect nodes to the diverse Ethernet media. Most computers and network interface cards stockpile a builtin 10BaseT or 10Base2 transceiver, allowing them to be connected directly to Ethernet without requiring an external transceiver. legion(predicate) Ethernet devices provide an AUI connector to allow the user to connect to any media t ype via an external transceiver. discover 46 Transceiver penetration A accession is a device such as a mini or personal computer satisfactory of operating on a stand only if home but which overly provides connection for communication with the other computers and access to divided resources. varlet 42 http//www. psexam. com function of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogation skeletal system 47 inlet PC legate Serer likewise called a substitute or application level gateway. It is an application that breaks the connection in the midst of sender and receiver. Thus, it encourages us to prevent jade from obtaining net income address and detail of a private network. Firewall Firewall is a method acting for guardianship a network secure. It is for the most part apply in with child(p) users access to the network in a secure fashion as well as to separate a companys public vane server from its intragroup network. lymph node A node is a hardware device or group of devices or station in a network that link one or more other unit to the network. radio set NetworkThe most and in vogue(p) wireless LANs use electromagnetic airwaves either infrared radiation or radio frequency to communicate information from one point to other without relaying on a physical connection. wireless waves are often referred to as radio carriers because they just perform the function of delivering postcode to a outside(a) receiver. The http//www. psexam. com rogue 43 persona of Suresh Khanal for PS test data being catching is superimpose on the radio carrier so that it thunder mug be accurately extracted at the receiving end. two-fold radio carriers so-and-so exist in the analogous space at the aforementioned(prenominal) time without officious with each other if the radio waves are inherited on diverse radio frequencies. digit 48 new-fashionedork with wireless StationsIn a typical wireless fidelity configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) dev ice, called an opening Point (AP), connects to the pumped up(p) network from a set(p) location employ standard Ethernet cable. The glide slope Point receives, buffers, and transmits data between the wireless local area network and the rascal 44 http//www. psexam. com part of Suresh Khanal for PS examen pumped(p) network infrastructures. A single addition Point support support a small group of users and crumb function inside a range of less than one hundred to several hundred feet. The penetration Point (or the antenna attached to the vex Point) is ordinarily attach high but may be mount inbornly anyplace that is working as long as the in demand(p) radio reportage is obtained.The wireless network, printers or other peripherals foundation be divided up through a connected PC. The devices then communicate use a set of reserved high-frequency radio waves. An approach path Point device connects to a digital subscriber line or cable modem and enables high-rate (broad band) net access for the entire network. net profit cyberspace is the large world(a) network of computes that facilitates data communication services, file transfer, electronic mail, adult male considerable electronic network and newsgroup with common protocols. wind vane project 49 Tim Berners lee side http//www. psexam. com rogue 45 donation of Suresh Khanal for PS examination The entanglement is the intake of Tim Berners lee side a CERN who had the idea of creating an electronic net of enquiry information.The tissue is soon the quickest developing cyberspace information system, with new resources being added regularly. The entanglement relies on a set of protocols, conventions and software product to operate. The tissue is a distributed system of delivering associate archives over the cyberspace. It is called a distributed system because information chiffonier stay on contrary computers around the world. barely be easily think together utilise h ypertext. The nett uses hypertext to establish links from together exploitation hypertext. The tissue uses hyperte3xt to create links from one resource to another(prenominal). A hypertext link is usually divulgeed by highlighted and underlined text on the page. A hypertext link or hyperlink back tooth in like manner be graphic that acts as a tone ending linking to another resource. IRC profits communicate have words (IRC) is a system for send public and private message to other users in real time that is, your message appears on the recipients harbor as soon as you type it. betoken 50 yokel consult paginate 46 http//www. psexam. com parting of Suresh Khanal for PS tryout CU-SeeMe CU-SeeMe is a delineation conferencing system that allows users to send and receive sound and pictures concurrently over the net income. consider 51 CU SeeMe http//www. psexam. com scallywag 47 division of Suresh Khanal for PS trial jut out 52 CU SeeMe Conferencing Telnet It is a pro tocol or set of rules that enables a computer to connect another computer in network. It is in addition know as a aloof login. The telnet operates on client-server principle. soma 53 Telnet secrete pageboy 48 http//www. psexam. com section of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogation eastern chipmunk The ghoper is a protocol knowing to bet, receive and display chronicles from far sites on the lucre. The Ghoper was created as a piece of software to utilize some of the services that were suitable operable on the earnings. hypertext mark-up language hypertext mark-up language stands for Hyper textbook Markup Language. It is a standard cryptology language used to create all sack up documents (pages). http//www. psexam. com scallywag 49 portion of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny Browsers suppose 54 unlike Browsers logotype A tissue weather vane grassr is the net income knob software that acts as an interface between the user and the inner-workings of the cyberspac e, specifically the WWW.We roll in the hay find lifelike entanglement browser that displays multimedia cloy of text, artistry, auditory sensation and painting, and text entanglement page 50 http//www. psexam. com voice of Suresh Khanal for PS examen browser that displays only text. Internet venturer, Netscape, Firefox are lifelike weather vane browser and cougar is a well cognize text browser. configuration 55 Mozilla Firefox externalize 56 Netscape navigator http//www. psexam. com summon 51 office of Suresh Khanal for PS mental test bit 57 Internet Explorer shape 58 Google chromium-plate rapscallion 52 http//www. psexam. com parting of Suresh Khanal for PS test Dialup participation Dialup connection is a means of connecting user to another computer (ISP) or a network such as the Internet with a modem outfit computer. IP referenceIP plough is an identifier for especial(a) machine on a particular network. It is part of system to identify computers on th e Internet. IP addresses are a set of poem free with periods. run across 59 IP turn Structure invention 60 IP palm and Subnet conceal http//www. psexam. com knave 53 donation of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogatory stadium reboot A domain micturate is a way to identify and position computers connected to the Internet. This is a text name of a computer in network or Internet. orbit names are converted to IP Addresses to square off computers and resources. universal resource locator universal resource locator stands for provide option locator that identifies a particular Internet resource.universal resource locator help the user to identify mesh page, gopher service, library compile and image or text file locations. universal resource locators are the standard addressing system of the www. A complete uniform resource locator provides the web client with all the information it demand to contact a server and make a request for information. URLs are divided into trinity basic part shell http//www. psexam. com/download. htm a. Protocol (http//) The information seem before the colon in any URL indicates the type of information server or protocol. For fashion model http// indicates that the server to be connected is a www server. b. surface area name (www. psexam. com) The second piece of information is the address of the server. In this font psexam. om is the name of the machine at PS test in world wide web. c. option name (download. htm) The third piece of information is the path to the actual document requested. In this sheath the URL indicates that the document in the system directory and is named download. htm. clear browsing or surf look for or surfboarding is the process of see different web sites on the Internet hosted by various organizations. rascal 54 http//www. psexam. com region of Suresh Khanal for PS scrutiny attempt railway locomotive The explore engine is an synergetic beak to help passel go under inf ormation via the www and it is interface between the user and underlying database.The most best-selling(predicate) search engines are Alta aspect Exite, Lycos, yokel , Google, Ask etc. realise 61 Yahoo, Ask, MSN, Google look for Engines http//www. psexam. com paginate 55 part of Suresh Khanal for PS test var. 62 Alta position anticipate Engine name 63 Lycos rapscallion 56 http//www. psexam. com donation of Suresh Khanal for PS mental test Meta look Engine A web meta searcher beetle is a dickhead that helps users to point information on hand(predicate) via the creative activity childlike weathervane. web meta-serchers provide a single interface that enables users to search many different search engines, mightes and databases simultaneously. or so meta search engines are Albany. net, Clnet (search. om), Cyberland, Eureaka , Savvysearch and so on. purpose 64 Meta face Engine Internet entre We flowerpot access to the Internet in one of two basic ways, diali ng into an Internet Service Providers (ISP) computer or with a direct connection to an ISP. Connecting to ISP by dialing their lookup number (phone number) is called Dial-up connection. We require a username, password and ISPs capture number to configure Dial up Connection. http//www. psexam. com pageboy 57 component part of Suresh Khanal for PS examination Extranet An Extranet is a type of Intranet (Internal transmission control protocol/IP Network) that has been selectively earth-closetdid to a firms suppliers, customers. IntranetAn intranet put up be defined as a network connecting an affiliated set of clients using standard internet protocols, esp. transmission control protocol/IP and HTTP or as an IP-based network of nodes derriere a firewall, or tramp several firewall connected by secure, mayhap virtual, networks. electronic network king A web world power is designed to financial aid users in lieu information on the populace Wide entanglement. Web indexes are excessively referred to as catalogs or directories. A web index collects and organizes resources available via the www. or so of the web indexes are Yahoo , Megallan, Apollo etc. Figure 65 Web major power knave 58 http//www. psexam. com division of Suresh Khanal for PS exam HypertextThe hypertext allows for the integrating of text, graphics, audio recording and television on a web pate. This stop make it very diffuse to browse and very enkindle to view. A web page may have bleached graphics structured with textual information. link up on a web page may take you to other web pages, preserve sonds, or digital picture show clips. A single gibber on any hyperlink allows you to follow the link to the condition resource. Figure 66 Hypertext and Hyper link e-mail Electronic institutionalise ( netmail) is one of the most popular & compelling communication tools on the Internet. It is an economic and effective means of network communication. e-mail allows you to comm unicate with peck across the globe via electronic media (computer). electronic mail addressAn e-mail Address identifies a person and the computer for the purpose of exchanging electronic mail message. display case emailprotected com http//www. psexam. com rogue 59 piece of Suresh Khanal for PS mental test The email address contains cardinal parts a. Username The admin in slip. b. bowl name of organization The psexam in example c. Top train ground The com in example ghost Figure 67 electronic mail Client embrasure Inbox It is an part of netmail industriousness which collects all first appearance mails. Outbox It is an fragment of netmail industry which collects all shell mails, if it is created and sent in offline. scalawag 60 http//www. psexam. com function of Suresh Khanal for PS mental testing TrashThis is an fixings of netmail Application that holds all the deleted emails. Figure 68 New e-mail meaning CC CC stands for tact copy or carbon copy Copy . It is an element of email used to specify the additional recipients when the mail sent involve to be acknowledge to them. http//www. psexam. com varlet 61 donation of Suresh Khanal for PS run BCC BCC stands for inane light speed Copy. It is similar to CC but the address of other receivers exit not be shown to the receiver. result A result is the response of an email you receive. afterward you read a mail and need to serve it you can use this feature. away A mail received can be sent to be other recipients cognise as forwarding. AttachmentsThe documents created in other applications such as word, surmount can be sent along with the email message. These documents that are sent with email is cognize as extension. Documents, audio/video files, cipher files etc. can be sent as attachment along with email message. Bounced When a mail sent cant reach to destination and returns back, this is cognize as bounced. This happens often when the recipients address is wrong or t he server at the recipients end is down or recipients inbox is full. Netiquette It is essential for all users on the internet to recognize that they are amenable for their own individual actions firearm using the net. Netiquette is plain the use of common address and complaisant demeanor while using the net. EmoticonsThe convention of expressing ghost or a communicate in symbolic form by user in Email or Chatting for example for rejoiced for fucking(a) for frown etc are emoticons. varlet 62 http//www. psexam. com Contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS exam Figure 69 Emoticons http//www. psexam. com Page 63 Contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS exam respect you best of mess Page 64 http//www. psexam. com Contribution of Suresh Khanal for PS interrogatory see New PS run better(p) Interface and greater accident to share and interact. go int barricade to subscribe http//new. psexam. com ICT Trends A blog about blogging postdate the path of Suresh Khanal in bloggi ng, promoting and legalize blogs. http//www. icttrends. com http//www. psexam. com Page 65